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Introduction
For a brief, but complete introduction to the basic concepts underlying the Pixon Method, see:

The Pixon Method of Image Reconstruction

R. C. Puetter & A. Yahil, in Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems VIII, D. M. Mehringer, R. L. Plante & D. A. Roberts, eds., ASP Conference Series, 172, pp. 307-316, (1999).

Review
For an extended review of digital image reconstruction, including the Pixon method, see:

Digital Image Reconstruction: Deblurring and Denoising

R. C. Puetter, T. R. Gosnell & A. Yahil, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 43, 139-194 (2005).

Click here for an e-print version of the review with hyperlinks to the references and figures containing high-resolution image examples.

References
For additional publications on the development and applications of the Pixon Method, see:

A Spectral Analysis of the Masuda Flare Using Yokhoh Hard X-Ray Telescope Pixon Reconstruction

D. Alexander & T. Metcalf, Astrophys. J., 489, pp. 442-455 (1997).

Pixon Reconstruction and the Masuda Event of 1992 January 13

D. Alexander, T. Metcalf & H. S. Hudson, in Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Atmosphere, R. D. Bentley and J. T. Mariska, eds., ASP Conference Series, 111, pp. 253-256 (1997).

Scale sensitive deconvolution of interferometric images I. Adaptive Scale Pixel (Asp) decomposition

S. Bhatnagar & T. J. Cornwell, Astron. Astrophys., 426, pp. 747-754 (2004).

Far-Ultraviolet Observations of the Neutral Comae of Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 01) Near Perihelion

M. Brittnacher, J. Kang, G. Parks, R. Elsen, G. Germany, J. Spann, N. Fox, R. C. Puetter & A. Yahil, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, pp. 2561-2564 (2001).

A Markov Pixon Information Approach for Low-Level Image Description

X. Descombes, F. Kruggel, IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, 21, pp. 482-494 (1999).

A. Diplas, E. A. Beaver, P. R. Blanco, R. K. Piña & R. C. Puetter, in The Restoration of HST Images and Spectra II, R. J. Hanisch & R. L. White., eds. (Baltimore: Space Telescope Science Institute) p. 272 (1994).

Pixon-Based Deconvolution

D. D. Dixon, et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 120, pp. 683-686 (1996).

Skymapping with OSSE via the Mean Field Annealing Pixon Technique

D. D. Dixon, et al., Astrophys. J., 484, pp. 891-899 (1997).

Simultaneous Image and Spectral Analysis of 3C273 and 3C279 with the COMPTEL Instrument

D. D. Dixon, A. D. Zych & W. Collmar, Astron. & Astrophys. Suppl., 120, pp. 511-514 (1996).

Detecting SZ Clusters Using Pixons

V. Eke, in Mining the Sky, A. J. Banday, S. Zaroubi & M. Bartelmann, eds., (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag), pp. 582-588 (2001).

A Speedy Pixon Image Reconstruction Algorithm

V. Eke, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 324, pp. 108-118 (2001).

Bayesian Structural Content Abstraction for Region-Level Image Authentication

W. Feng & Z.-Q. Liu, in Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05), 2, pp. 1042-1047 (2005).

High-Resolution Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy of the Pistol Nebula: Evidence for Ejection

D. F. Figer, M. Morris, T. R. Geballe, R. M. Rich, E. Serabyn, I. S. McLean, R. C. Puetter & A. Yahil, Astrophys. J., 525, pp. 759-771 (1999).

Keck LWS Images of the Compact Nebula around RY Scuti in the Thermal Infrared

R. D. Gehrz, N. Smith, B. Jones, R. Puetter & A. Yahil, Astrophys. J., 559, pp. 395-401 (2001).

Restoration of Digitized Astronomical Plates with the Pixon Method

P. R. Hiltner, P. Kroll, R. Nestler & K.-H. Franke, in Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XII, H. E. Payne, R. I. Jedrzejewski & R. N. Hook, eds., ASP Conference Series, 295, pp. 407-410 (2003).

Dual-Beam Rastering and Deconvolution Techniques for SCUBA

T. Jenness, W. S. Holland, E. Chapin, J. F. Lightfoot, W. D. Duncan, in Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems IX, N. Manset, C. Veillet & D. Crabtree, eds., ASP Conference Proceedings, 216, pp. 559-562 (2000).

Deconvolution of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy of Ionomers

B. P.Kirkmeyer, R. C. Puetter, A. Yahil & K. I. Winey, J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys., 41, pp. 319-326 (2003).

Pixon Deconvolution of Far-Infrared Images from the UT Multichannel Photometer

C. D. Koresko, P. M. Harvey, D. Curran & R. Puetter, in Airborne Astronomy Symposium on the Galactic Ecosystem: From Gas to Stars to Dust, ASP Publication 73, pp. 275-278, (1995).

The Stony Brook Photometric Redshifts of Faint Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Fields

K. M. Lanzetta, H.-W. Chen, A. Fernández-Soto, S. Pascarelle, R. Putter, N. Yahata & A. Yahil, in Photometric Redshifts and the Detection of High Redshift Galaxies, R. Weymann, L. Storrie-Lombardi, M. Sawicki & R. Brunner, eds., ASP Conference Series, 191, pp. 223-228 (1999).

Global Spatial Deconvolution of Lunar Prospector Th Abundances

D. J. Lawrence, R. C. Puetter, R. C. Elphic, W. C. Feldman, J. J. Hagerty, T. H. Prettyman, & P. D. Spudis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03201 (2007).

A New Bayesian Approach to Image Denoising with a Combination of MRFs and Pixon Method

Q. Lu & T. Jiang, Intl. Conf. Pattern Recognition, 3, pp. 3734-3737 (2000).

Pixon-Based Image Denoising with Markov Random Fields

Q. Lu & T. Jiang, Pattern Recognition, 34, pp. 2029-2039 (2001).

ROSAT Observations of the Soft Gamma-Ray Burst Error Box Coincident with the Supernovae Remnant N49

D. Marsden, R. E. Rothschild, R. E. Lingenfelter & R. C. Puetter, Astrophys. J., 470, pp. 512-520, (1996).

Reduction in scan duration or injected dose in planar bone scintigraphy enabled by Pixon� post-processing

O. Mawlawi, A. Yahil, H. Vija, W. Erwin & H. Macapinlac, J. Nucl. Med., 48, 13P (2007).

Fractal Pixon Image Reconstruction for Yohkoh's Hard X-Ray Telescope

T. R. Metcalf, H. S. Hudson, T. Kosugi, R. C. Puetter & R. K. Piña, Astrophys. J. 466, pp. 585-594 (1996).

Spectrum Restoration From Very Low S/N Data in 2D Detecting Systems (in Japanese)

S. Muto, R.C. Puetter, K. Tatsumi, K. Ikeno & I. Tanaka, Proc. Annu. Mtg. Jap. Soc. Microscopy (JSM05), p. 309 (2005).

Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy: The Potential for Nano- and Interface Science

S. J. Pennycook, A. R. Lupini, A. Kadavanich, J. R. McBride, S. J. Rosenthal, R. C. Puetter, A. Yahil, O. L. Krivanek, N. Dellby, P. D. L. Nellist, G. Duscher, L. G. Wang & S. T. Pantelides, Z. Metallk. 94, pp. 350-357 (2003).

Improvement in diagnostic performance and reader confidence enabled by Pixon image processing of planar nuclear studies

R. D. Petrocelli, A. H. Vija, E. G. Hawman & A. Yahil, J. Nucl. Med., 47, 365P (2006).

The role of signal-to-noise ratio in preserving diagnostic performance and reader confidence level in count-reduced planar nuclear studies undergoing Pixon image processing

R. D. Petrocelli, A. H. Vija, E. G. Hawman & A. Yahil, J. Nucl. Med., 47, 371P (2006).

Bayesian Image Reconstruction: the Pixon and Optimal Image Modeling

R. K. Piña & R. C. Puetter, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 105, pp. 630-637 (1993).

Pixon-Based Multi Resolution Image Reconstruction and Quantification of Image Information Content

R. C. Puetter, in Proc. MaxEnt '95, pp. 145-152 (1996).

Information, Language, and Pixon-Based Bayesian Image Reconstruction

R. C. Puetter, Ann. N.Y Acad. Sci., 808, pp. 160-183 (1997).

Pixon-Based Multi-Resolution Image Reconstruction and the Quantification of Picture Information Content

R. C. Puetter, Int. J. Image Sys. & Tech. 6, pp. 314-331 (1995).

Information, Language, and Pixon-Based Bayesian Image Reconstruction

R. C. Puetter, Proc. SPIE, 2827, pp. 12-31 (1996).

The Image Restoration/Reconstruction Problem

R. C. Puetter, in Instrumentation for Large Telescopes, J. M. Rodriguez-Espinosa, A. Herrero, and F. Sanchez, eds., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 75-82 (1997).

Language and Information Content

R. C. Puetter, in Instrumentation for Large Telescopes, J. M. Rodriguez-Espinosa, A. Herrero, and F. Sanchez, eds., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 83-88 (1997).

Pixon-Based Image Restoration/Reconstruction

R. C. Puetter, in Instrumentation for Large Telescopes, J. M. Rodriguez-Espinosa, A. Herrero, and F. Sanchez, eds., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 89-98 (1997).

The Restoration of Astronomical Images

R. C. Puetter, in Instrumentation for Large Telescopes, J. M. Rodriguez-Espinosa, A. Herrero, and F. Sanchez, eds., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 99-109 (1997).

Image Reconstruction of Complexly Encoded Data

R. C. Puetter, in Instrumentation for Large Telescopes, J. M. Rodriguez-Espinosa, A. Herrero, and F. Sanchez, eds., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 110-122 (1997).

The Pixon and Bayesian Image Reconstruction

R. C. Puetter & R. K. Piña, Proc. SPIE, 1946, p. 405-416 (1993).

Beyond Maximum Entropy: Fractal Pixon-Based Image Reconstruction

R. Puetter & R. K. Piña, in Science with High Spatial Resolution Far-Infrared Data, S. Terebey & J. M. Mazzarella, eds., pp. 61-68 (1994).

Observations of Rare-Earth Segregation in Silicon Nitride Ceramics at Subnanometre Dimensions.

N. Shibata, S. J. Pennycook, T. R. Gosnell, G. S. Painter, W. A. Shelton & P. F. Becher, Nature, 428, pp. 730-733 (2004).

Mid-Infrared Studies of Eta-Carinae - I. Subarcsecond Imaging at 12.5 and 17 Microns

C. H. Smith, D. K. Aitken, T. J. T. Moore, P. F. Roche, R. C. Puetter & R. K. Piña, "," Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 273, pp. 354-358 (1995).

Mining the Thermal SZ Effect with a Speedy Pixon Algorithm

L. Teodoro & V. R. Eke, in Mining the Sky, A. J. Banday, S. Zaroubi & M. Bartelmann, eds., (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag), pp. 589-591 (2001).

New Astrophysics Mission for a Low-Energy Gamma-Ray Burst Observatory (LEGO)

T. O. Tümer, K. Hurley, H. Ogelman, R. J. Paulos, R. C. Puetter, E. Beuville, D. Hartmann, B. Schaefer, J. Preble, R. E. Rothschild, M. H. Finger, L. Fabris, T. J. O'Neill, M. Jennings & A. Yahil, Proc. SPIE, 3114, pp. 429-437 (1997).

Statistically Based, Spatially Adaptive Noise Reduction of Planar Nuclear Studiess

A. H. Vija, T. R. Gosnell, A. Yahil, E. G. Hawman & J. C. Engdhal, Proc. SPIE, 5747, pp. 634-645 (2005).

Preprocessing of SPECT Projection Data: Benefits and Pitfalls

A. H. Vija, E. G. Hawman & A. Yahil, 2005 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Record, ed. B. Yu, pp. 2160-2164 (2005).

Adaptive Noise Reduction and Sharpening of OSEM Reconstructed Data

A. H. Vija, E. G. Hawman & A. Yahil, 2005 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Record, ed. B. Yu, pp. 2583-2587 (2005).

Interdisciplinary Computing in Java Programming Language

S.-C. Wang, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003).

Improved Lesion Detection from Spatially Adaptive, Minimally Complex, Pixon® Reconstruction of Planar Scintigraphic Images

C. A Wesolowski, A. Yahil, R. C. Puetter, P. S. Babyn, D. L. Gilday & M. Z. Khan, Comput. Med. Imaging Graph., 29, 65-81 (2005).

Photometry and Photometric Redshifts of Faint Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field South NICMOS Field

N. Yahata, K. M. Lanzetta, H.-W. Chen, A. Fernández-Soto, S. M. Pascarelle, A. Yahil & R. C. Puetter, Astrophys. J., 538, pp. 493-504 (2000).

The Information Content of Redshift and Velocity Surveys

A. Yahil, in Clustering in the Universe, S. Maurogordato, C. Balkowski, C.Tao & J. Tran Thanh Van, eds., (Gif-sur-Yvette: Editions Frontieres) pp. 117-125 (1996).

Pixon-Based Image Segmentation with Markov Random Fields

F. Yang & T. Jiang, IEEE Trans. Image Process., 12, 1552-1559 (2003).

Direct imaging of Titan's Extended Haze Layer from HST Observations

E. F. Young, R. Puetter & A. Yahil, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L17-L21 (2004).


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